The antenna gain has no units because it the is a ratio and ability of the antenna to radiate less or more in any direction compared to a theoretical antenna. The isotropic antenna, theoretically can be made as a perfect sphere, it would radiate equally in all directions. Its maximum possible value would be realized in. It also determines the wavelength and the length adjustment factor k.

When you have a multiband antenna, which covers several mm-wave bands, calculation time becomes a significant factor, because you need to check if you meet requirements over the whole working band. GSM, 3G, 4G LTE, 5G Sub-6 antenna designThe array factor then becomes Below are plots of the array factor AF vs. The array phase function as the number of elements in the array is increased. Note that these are not plots of AF vs. Some general characteristics of the array factor AF with respect to : (1) AF max N at 0 (main lobe).As you can notice EM approach shows a much smoother curve than a schematic one. It happens because the second way of calculation uses parametric sweep when creating a total scan pattern, so theoretically it is possible to assign a denser sweeping angle but calculation time will increase dramatically.

The second one is the maximum EIRP at CDF=100%, which shows the peak EIRP value of the array. As can be seen in figure 2 both metrics are slightly different in schematic and EM calculation approaches. Overall, based on numerous simulations and comparisons, the EM method is more trustworthy as it takes into account real array behavior.CDF calculations are very important when it comes to 5G antennas.

The energy in the grating lobe should be compensated for in the design requirements of the main lobe. When this occurs, the peak directivity could be lower than designed for. If a spacing of over 0.5 О» is used, unwanted grating lobes will be present together with the desired main lobe. Values between 0 О» and 5 О» are possible.

Values between 0 О» and 5 О» are possible. The side lobe level and number of side lobes (where applicable) can then be set.The inter element spacing can be used as an input to the design algorithm. The excitation taper can be selected between equal excitation , uniform side lobe level and first few side lobes uniform.

The excitation taper can be selected between equal excitation , uniform side lobe level and first few side lobes uniform. The energy in the grating lobe should be compensated for in the design requirements of the main lobe. When this occurs, the peak directivity could be lower than designed for.

For higher gain designs, each linear excitation is designed to have the first 5 side lobes -20dB below the main beam directivity. If a directivity of less than 20dB, or a beamwidth of greater than 20 В°, is specified, the side-lobes per linear excitation are designed for -20dB below the main beam directivity. The excitation per element is the product of two linear array excitations, one laid out along the x-axis and the other laid out along the y-axis.

The excitation per element is the product of two linear array excitations, one laid out along the x-axis and the other laid out along the y-axis. The side lobe level and number of side lobes (where applicable) can then be set. The excitation taper can be selected between equal excitation , uniform side lobe level and first few side lobes uniform.

From this excitation distribution a subset for the triangular array is extracted. The excitation per element is the product of two linear array excitations, one laid out along the x-axis and the other laid out along the y-axis for a rectangular array. The side lobe level and number of side lobes (where applicable) can then be set. The excitation taper can be selected between equal excitation , uniform side lobe level and first few side lobes uniform.

Antenna Array Factor Calculator